Christianity Chronology of Ancient Indus Culture (II): Pre-Urban Period
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
What Time Does Mrs Fields Open During The Week
From the excavations of Harappa and on the basis of ceramics, has been able to establish a chronological sequence on the pre-urban period in the Culture of the Indus. At that time, contemporary or period levels IV-VII in Mehrgarh, political units without hierarchy coexisted with each other, we see the presence of an active network of trade, based on the presence of non-local materials, and verifying a level uniformity in material culture and site planning. Now we find larger communities and small towns, with massive fortifications and platforms, and divided into sectors or neighborhoods, an economy based in agriculture and grazing, as well as craft specialization, written symbols, perhaps precursors of the Indus script, well documented in Harappa and neighboring rural settlements, and seals individual or group identification. In the Upper Indus we Ravi Phase (3300-2800 BC), which represents the oldest pre-occupation of urban Harappa. Their pottery is similar to contemporary sites Hakra Cholistan and human figurines are detected and, especially women sitting, and zoomorphic, especially bulls, and miniature cars and seashells. Found after Phase Harappiense Old or Kot Diji (2800-2600 BC), when the cities are planned following a trend chart with north-south streets and east-west and see a greater number of areas devoted to manufacturing. Now also find graffiti or seals with various signs, with probable narrative scenes and images of animals (especially the "Unicorn", a motif common in the period after Urbano). We found, also, for all the Pre-Indo Urban Superior few small settlements around Harappa relevant, and Vainiwal Jalilpur case. In the Lower Indus, we can see Amri Phase (3300-2600 BC), whose main settlement is located in Sind Kohistan, Pakistan. Amri pottery with designs gazelle horn, is comparable with ceramics Togau of Merhgarh III, suggesting links with the region of Balochistan, however, also resembles the styles of Kot Diji and Hakra, this being itself also a sign of a plausible contact interregional. Then we review Hakra Phase (3500-3000 BC) and Phase Harappiense Old or Kot Diji (3200-2600 BC). In the region of Cholistan, around the river Ghaggar-Hakra, we Hakra phase, comparable to the aforementioned Phase Ravi, and habitual and regional Phase Harappiense Old or Kot Diji (3000-2600 anE here.). Hakra ceramics presents globular jars and vases with geometric motifs. Their settlements occupations were long due to hostility from the surrounding environment. In the subsequent phase is found the presence of two major settlements, and Jalwali Gamanwalla, whose occupation is evident in the Phase Hakra. Ghaggar-Hakra period northwestern India shows, meanwhile, two phases: Phase Harappiense Old or Kot Diji (3200-2600 BC) and Sothi-Siswal called with the same chronology. The pottery in northwestern India is similar to the Superior Indus and Cholistan. The two major sites are well documented and Banawali Kalibangan, while one hundred sixty-five recognize sites in the region for this period. Beyond these regions, particularly in Baluchistan we find places like Balakot, Niai Buthier and Murda Sang, in the Las Bela and Miri Qalat in Makran. They all seem to have been close links with the south-eastern Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. The pottery of Balakot is akin to that of Amri, but also has a different type, called Nal (featuring glasses with floral and zoomorphic designs), while Murda Sang is associated with a culture known Kulli. In addition, there are levels in Miri Qalat linked, to 2500 BC, to the southeast of Iran. We note, in short, the existence of a whole chain of agro-regional policies in permanent settlements, accompanied also very likely mobile populations who traveled from one place to another.
Prof. Dr. Julio Lopez-Saco
UCV
UCAB March 1, 2011
Publ.JLS 
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